https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/ Research in Sports Medicine and Technology en daily 1 Mon, 08 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 08 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7905.html Background and Aims: Controlling hand tremors in neurological disorders like Parkinson's has gotten a lot of attention in recent decades. The number of theories about closed-loop deep brain stimulation is rapidly growing. The goal of this work is to offer a machine learning-based automated closed loop system for the rehabilitation of Parkinson's patients with hand tremor symptoms. Materials and Methods: In the current study, vibration was simulated using a mathematical model that included a muscle model, basal ganglia, cortex, and supplementary motor area. To manage hand tremor, the non-integer PID proportional controller, as well as the intelligent Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm as a subset of reinforcement learning, are employed to adapt the coefficients. Results: One of the advantages of the proposed method, aside from reducing hand tremor and automatic learning to use at various levels of the disease, which has yielded acceptable results when compared to other control methods, is its practical implementation in the real world due to the simplicity of the controller. The automatic adjustment of artificial intelligence network coefficients in the presented strategy (PPO) makes it simple to create intelligent system. Conclusion: The proposed intelligent system significantly reduces the side effects of continuous brain stimulation in the open-loop manner stimulation, in addition to optimizing output signals such as hand tremor compared to other controllers and being usable for all levels of the disease due to its adaptability. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7721.html Warm up method can be considered as a strategy for improving athlete’s performance. The purpose of this study was to provide a useful data as warm up to improve the performance of athletes, including volleyball players by increasing their jump height. In the present review study by using the following keywords included Post-Activation Potentiation, Squat Jump, Warm-up, Volleyball, Jump Height, Force Plate, and electromyography the search process was done in Google scholar, the Pubmed databases and Scientific Information database and Google scholar. In the identification stage, 387 English and 15 Persian articles related to the mentioned keywords were found. Finally, the number of English articles reached 42 and the number of Persian articles reached 6. The results of this review-descriptive study showed in the final stages of Post-Activation Potentiation warm-up, performing high intensity squats by creating acute changes in neuromuscular system can increase in jump height of athletes including volleyball players in match and practice. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7906.html Aim: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the newest methods in order to improve the athletic performance and mental preparation of professional athletes. In this study, we investigated the effects of 10-session unihemispheric concurrent dual-site anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), on swimming performance, mental toughness (MT) and perceived exertion. Methods: 20 male professional swimmers (Age: 19.00±2.86 yrs) were randomly divided into tDCS (n=10) and sham (n=10) groups. On the first day, the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ), next day, the 100-meter freestyle swimming performance test, and the rate of perceived exertion scale (RPE) were evaluated as pre-tests. From the third day, 10 sessions of tDCS were applied, each session a current of 2mA for 20 min, half an hour after the usual swimming exercise, three days a week. 48 hrs following 10th session of tDCS, evaluations were repeated. ANCOVA was used for statistical analysis. Result: After 10 sessions of tDCS, swimming performance improved significantly; The total MT score increased significantly and no significant change was observed in RPE. Conclusion: Based on this, multi-session tDCS combined with regular training is recommended to improve swimmers performance and psychological aspects that could be considered as a brain conditioning method to increase mental toughness and sports performance. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7722.html Purpose: Core endurance is one of the factors that measuring the core stability. Researches have shown that the change in the attention during the activities causes changes in the electromyography activity of the muscles as well as changes in the quality of the movement. The purpose of this research is to determine whether changes in the focus of the attention can change the measurement of the core stability. Methods: 22 healthy non-athletes participated in this research ((,which their core stability was measure by McGill test. These people were divided into three groups and performed this test in three consecutive days with a different attention (internal, external, control). Results: The results of the one-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed that there was a significant main effect of type of attention on core stability of nonathletic persons. However, the average core stability of the external attention stage was significantly higher than the average of the pre-test stage (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Focus of attention can cause changes in the measurement of the core stability, in such a way that adopting the external focus of attention during the test recorded more average core stability. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7907.html Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of quadriceps muscle fatigue on electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during lifting loads using different techniques. Methods: Surface electromyography activity of the rectus femoris, vastus latralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, semitendinous, gastrocnemius medialis and tibialis anterior muscles of 20 able-bodied women were recorded before and after the quadriceps muscle fatigue using leg-press movement, squat, stoop and strudel techniques with 20% of body weight. Analysis of Variance with repeated measures was used for data analyses (p<0.05). Results: After fatigue when lifting the load, the activity of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius medialis in squat and stoop techniques was significantly different compared to before fatigue condition. But no significant difference was observed between the activity of any of the muscles before and after fatigue in the straddle method. Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that when quadriceps muscle fatigue, the use of straddle technique to lift the load is more appropriate. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7723.html Muscle imbalances in the shoulder are a weakness in the external rotator cuff muscles compared to the internal rotator cuffs, in which the weakness of the external rotator cuff muscles is a risk factor for volleyball players' shoulder injuries. Shoulder dyskinesis can be caused by imbalance of the scapula stabilizing muscles, which improves with muscle coordination the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perturbation training on eccentric strength of external rotators and scapular kinematics. Twenty-four male volleyball players with a score of less than 30 on CKCUEST test participated in this study, which was randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The eccentric strength of the external rotator cuff muscles was measured using an isokinetic at 120 degrees per second. Scapular upward rotation also measured with a dual inclinometer at 45 °, 90 °, 135 ° and the end range of motion of the shoulder abduction. Comparing the experimental and control groups, a significant difference was observed in the shoulder external rotators eccentric strength. There was a significant difference only in 135 ° of scapular upward rotation. In other angles, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. The results showed the positive effect of perturbation training on the eccentric strength of external rotators and scapular upward rotation in arm abduction; therefore, coaches and volleyball players can be advised to add these exercises to their training programs to increase performance and prevent shoulder injuries. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7908.html Aim: Different postural stability and functional movements may play an important role in secondary injuries in people with flexible flat feet compared to people with normal feet. However, the difference between static and dynamic stability and functional movements of people with and without flexible flatfeet has not been investigated. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of comparing static and dynamic stability and functional movements of subjects with and without flexible flatfeet and examined the relationship between functional movements and static and dynamic stability. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 96 subjects after evaluating the medial longitudinal arch of the foot with navicular drop test were divided into two groups, flexible flat feet group (n=25) and normal feet group (n=71). Functional performance using functional movements screening test, static stability using the Sharpened Romberg balance test, dynamic stability using the Y balance test were measured. In order to compare the parameters measured in two groups, non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test was used. Results: The scores of functional movements and static stability in the normal feet group were significantly higher than the flexible flatfeet group (p≤0.05). The total score of the Y test was not significantly different between the two groups (p≥0.05). In the group of normal feet, a significant correlation was observed between functional movement scores and dynamic stability (p≤0.05). Conclusion: These results show that subjects with flexible flatfeet have different movement performance and static stability compared to subjects with normal feet, but they have similar dynamic stability. It may indicate that there is no connection between static and dynamic stability and these two functions are separate from each other. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7724.html Background: In rehabilitation medicine using targeted and personalized approaches are proposed, so that training protocols adjustments, based on gender, age, level of disability and the rate of progress can have more favorable results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training on some induces of physical function in women with MS presenting different levels of disability.Material & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 92 patients admitted to the MS Society of Shahrekord city were selected and on the basis of disability were categorized into 3 groups of mild, moderate and severe. Then each group was randomly divided into experimental and control group. The personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training program was done 12 weeks, 3 times per weeks. Muscles strength, endurance and speed of walking, were assessed. Independent and Covariance test were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that 12 weeks training cause improving in muscles strength, speed of walking in women with MS presenting different levels of disability (p<0.05). Endurance of walking improve significantly in mild group (p<0.05), but in moderate and severe group were not significantly (P˃0.05).Conclusion: The implementation of the comprehensive rehabilitation exercises affected the recovery of patients with MS and made a significant difference in physical functions of patients. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7909.html Aim: Resistance exercises are suggested as a non-drug treatment to improve the complications of menopause (cognitive-nervous and inflammatory problems). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Circuit resistance training on the serum levels of BDNF and TNF-α in sedentary postmenopausal women. methods: In this semi-experimental research, 30 postmenopausal women (age 54±3 years, body mass index 27.6±1.97 kg/m2) living in Tehran were randomly selected and assigned to two groups, Circuit resistance training groups (n=15) and control groups (n=15). Circuit Resistance training was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week including 12 stations for the whole body with an intensity of 40-75%, one maximum repetition in three sets with repetitions between 8-12. 24 hours before and after the intervention, fasting blood was taken to measure BDNF and TNF-a were performed. Repeated measures ANOVA statistical method was used to analyze the data. Results: In the resistance training group, compared to the control group, there was a significant increase in the levels of BDNF (%13.99) and a significant decrease in the levels of TNF-a (%32.92) (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the present study, it seems that low-to-moderate Circuit resistance training with increased BDNF and decreased TNF-a was able to improve cognitive-neural and inflammatory factors in postmenopausal women. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7725.html Introduction and aim: One of the serious challenges in sports is injury prediction methods that can help prevent and reduce injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to answer the question, of Do functional movement screen, Y balance, and landing error scoring system tests have the power to predict sports injuries in female student athletes? Methodology: This study was a prospective cohort study. The population of the current research was university female athletes, and the research sample was 124 female student athletes participating in the 15th Iranian Student Sports Olympiad who were evaluated in an available manner. The Y balance test, landing error scoring system, and functional movement screening test were taken from the subjects before the Olympiad, and the injuries of the athletes during the competitions were recorded by the data collection form. In order to statistically analyze the data, the logistic regression test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results of the research showed that a total of 26 injuries were registered during the competition in 124 subjects. None of the predictor variables had the ability to predict the criterion variable (p>0.05). Conclusion: In general conclusion based on the results of this research, it is not possible to predict general injury using functional tests. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7910.html Introduction and aim: Strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles is effective in controlling pronation. However, the effects of strengthening other muscle groups remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of comprehensive and local corrective exercises on foot posture index (FPI) in people with flexible flat foot. Methods: Forty-four students referring to Neshat corrective exercises center in Ilam city with a foot posture index score between 6 and 12 were selected as a statistical sample and stratified randomly divided into four groups of intrinsic exercises, intrinsic + extrinsic exercises, comprehensive corrective exercises (CCE) and control. The FPI was measured in the pre-test, at the end of the sixth week and at the end of the twelfth week. The mixed model analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the FPI in the exercise groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the intrinsic and intrinsic + extrinsic groups in the right (P=0.980) and left (P=0.965) foots. FPI in the CCE group showed a significant decrease compared to all groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: CCE, considering the principle of chain reactions of the human body and focusing on the activation of all the distal and proximal muscles effective in misalignment, is more effective than local exercises in correcting the flatness of a flexible foot. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7911.html Background: GDNF protein that is effective in neurocognitive plasticity and sarcopenia, increases with resistance training. The aim of the research is the effect of six weeks of TRX training on the GDNF protein level in the serum of elderly women. Materials and methods: The purpose of the research is applied with a semi-experimental method including pre-test-post-test with control group.28 elderly women from retirement center of Teacher Training University,Shahid Rajaei, were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=15) with an average age of 60.86±5.60,BMI 27.65±4.22 ,control group (n=13) with an average age of 64.38±4.03,BMI 28.33 ± 2.18. In the first and last weeks, upper and lower body strength tests and GDNF protein levels were measured by ELISA kit .Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of data distribution,Levin test for homogeneity of variances,one-way analysis of covariance test (P<0.05) were performed to test hypotheses with spss24 software. Results: Covariance analysis of upper and lower body strength were significantly different between groups (P<0.05).In adjusted averages,the GDNF protein level in the experimental group (443.102±15.751) is significantly higher than the control group (209.756±17.029)(P<0.05). Conclusion: Six weeks of TRX training had a significant effect on the amount of GDNF protein, upper and lower body strength of elderly women, and can probably be effective in reducing or delaying sarcopenia. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7727.html Introduction and Objective: One of the strategies that athletes can use to temporarily increase strength and muscle power is post-activation potentiation (PAP) during warm-up. However, the effect of this phenomenon on kinematics of special movement has not been determined. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the acute effect of PAP during warm-up on lower extremity kinematic characteristics during heading in soccer players.Methodology: The study sample consisted of 24 semi-professional youth soccer players with an average age of 18.67±1.11 years, height 182.32±7.12 cm, mass 74.17±7.46 kg. who performed four different warm-up methods, including PAP-take-off, PAP-landing, combined-PAP, and general warm-up, derived from the stages of soccer heading. Knee and hip angular velocities during the take-off phase, maximum knee flexion angle, and duration of knee joint pause during the landing phase were recorded using a three-dimensional motion analysis device (vicon peak ltd, oxford, vicon UK) with four T20 cameras with a frequency of 1000 Hz. Finally, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and post hoc Bonferroni test were used at a significance level of P<0.05.Results: There was a significant increase in knee and hip angular velocities following combined-PAP and then PAP-take-off compared to other warm-up programs. Moreover, there was a significant increase in knee flexion angle after PAP-landing compared to other warm-up programs. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the duration of knee joint pause after general warm-up compared to other warm-up programs.Discussion and Conclusion: PAP-take-off improves jumping performance, while PAP-landing improves landing performance. The combination of these two methods, i.e., combined-PAP, will yield better results overall. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7912.html Aim: This semi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of insulin resistance on substrate selection during exercise in obese diabetic women. Methods: 24 inactive obese women, including control (C; n=8,BMI=31.03±1.18), non-insulin resistance (NIR;n=8,BMI=30.91±0.78), and insulin resistance (IR, n=8,BMI=31.57±0.91) groups, were purposely selected and performed a standard incremental test with an initial workload of 50 W and increased in the workload of 20 W every three minutes. Respiratory gases were collected throughout the test. Cross-over point (COP), a point at which the metabolic substrate changes from fat to carbohydrates, and FATmax point at which fat has the highest contribution to energy supply, were determined. Heart rate and oxygen consumption corresponding to COP and FATmax, points were calculated and compared among the groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: In both diabetic groups, heart rate (P<0.001) and oxygen consumption (P<0.001) corresponding to COP were significantly lower compared to the C. Both variables had lower values in the IR compared to the NIR (P<0.001). In both diabetic groups, oxygen consumption corresponding to the FATmax point was significantly lower compared to the C (P<0.001) and had lower values in IR compared to the NIR (P<0.001). Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study showed that insulin resistance is associated with more reliance on carbohydrates and diminished fat oxidation at submaximal exercise intensities. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7728.html Background and Purpose; Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that involves rapid loss of muscle mass and function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on sarcopenia, changes in myofibrils in skeletal muscle and exercise performance in elderly rats with Alzheimer's disease, to investigate the effect of physical activity on reducing sarcopenia and changes in myofibrils in skeletal muscle and exercise performance in elderly rats with Alzheimer's should be measured.Materials and Methods; In the present study, 40 aged Wistar rats with an average weight of 300 grams. The rats were randomly divided into four ten groups including control patient, training patient, healthy control, healthy training. The exercise group participated in a six-week continuous aerobic exercise program. The patient group was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine for 14 days, and after ensuring the induction of Alzheimer's disease using the novel object recognition test, the training group participated in a six-week continuous aerobic training program.Results; Based on the results after six weeks of continuous aerobic training, according to the measurement of the tissue components in the soleus and EDL muscles of the healthy group of rats under training, it showed a slight increase in the extent of the tissue parenchyma and the diameter of the muscle fibers compared to the healthy control group, but these changes were not significant. The quantification of the extent of the tissue components in the soleus and EDL muscles of the studied rats showed a significant decrease in the muscle parenchyma and also a significant decrease in the average diameter of the muscle fibers in the patient group compared to the healthy control group (p<0.01). The area of the muscle parenchyma and the average diameter of the soleus and EDL muscle fibers in the mice of the patient group under training compared to the mice of the patient group showed a significant increase in tissue (p<0.05) and the amount of tissue edema and the presence of connective tissue showed a significant decrease (p<0.01 and p<0.05).Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that sports activities have positive effects on sarcopenia disease and myofibril changes, as well as the sports performance of rats with Alzheimer's disease.Keywords: continuous aerobic exercises, Alzheimer's, sarcopenia, muscle myofibrilBackground and Purpose; Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that involves rapid loss of muscle mass and function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on sarcopenia, changes in myofibrils in skeletal muscle and exercise performance in elderly rats with Alzheimer's disease, to investigate the effect of physical activity on reducing sarcopenia and changes in myofibrils in skeletal muscle and exercise performance in elderly rats with Alzheimer's should be measured.Materials and Methods; In the present study, 40 aged Wistar rats with an average weight of 300 grams. The rats were randomly divided into four ten groups including control patient, training patient, healthy control, healthy training. The exercise group participated in a six-week continuous aerobic exercise program. The patient group was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine for 14 days, and after ensuring the induction of Alzheimer's disease using the novel object recognition test, the training group participated in a six-week continuous aerobic training program.Results; Based on the results after six weeks of continuous aerobic training, according to the measurement of the tissue components in the soleus and EDL muscles of the healthy group of rats under training, it showed a slight increase in the extent of the tissue parenchyma and the diameter of the muscle fibers compared to the healthy control group, but these changes were not significant. The quantification of the extent of the tissue components in the soleus and EDL muscles of the studied rats showed a significant decrease in the muscle parenchyma and also a significant decrease in the average diameter of the muscle fibers in the patient group compared to the healthy control group (p<0.01). The area of the muscle parenchyma and the average diameter of the soleus and EDL muscle fibers in the mice of the patient group under training compared to the mice of the patient group showed a significant increase in tissue (p<0.05) and the amount of tissue edema and the presence of connective tissue showed a significant decrease (p<0.01 and p<0.05).Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that sports activities have positive effects on sarcopenia disease and myofibril changes, as well as the sports performance of rats with Alzheimer's disease. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7913.html Background and Objective: Rectal prolapse, characterized by the protrusion of the internal anal wall, is a debilitating condition often associated with pelvic floor muscle weakness. The present study aimed to compare the effects of functional core stability exercises, electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), and a combination of these modalities on pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance in women with rectal prolapse. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design. A total of 48 women with rectal prolapse from Isfahan were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to four groups: functional exercise, EMS exercise, combined exercise and control. The intervention program lasted eight weeks, with three 60-minute sessions per week. Outcome variables were assessed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results: The findings demonstrated a significant improvement in pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance in both the EMS and combined exercise groups (P≤0.05). Although the functional exercise group showed an increase in muscle strength, this change did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). Furthermore, the combined training group exhibited significantly greater improvements across variables compared to the EMS-only and functional-only groups (P≤0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that integrating electrical stimulation with functional training provides superior benefits in enhancing pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance in women with rectal prolapse. Therefore, rehabilitation centers, physicians, and therapists are encouraged to adopt such combined approaches as an effective strategy for improving clinical outcomes in this patient population https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7729.html Background and Aims: Running is one of the most important activities for soldiers, and boots play an effective role in this activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of three types of military boots mileage on ground reaction force variables during running.Materials and Methods: The current research was a clinical trial. 15 healthy male students (20-25 years old) used three different types of used and new boots. Using Bartec force plate with dimensions (60 x 40 cm2), ground reaction forces were measured in vertical (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fy) and medio-lateral (Fx) directions while running at constant speed. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis at a significance level of 0.05.Results: Results demonstrated significant main effects of "Time" for FXHC (P=0.001, d=0.407), FXPO (P=0.001, d=0.674), TTPFXPO (P=0.001, d=0.394) and TTPFYPO (P=0.031, d=0.226). Findings showed significant main effect of group for FZHC (P=0.027, d=0.163) and TTPFYHC (p=0.035, d=0.150). Furthermore, significant group-by-time interactions was found for FZHC (P=0.001, d=0.404) and FXPO (P=0.014, d=0.272).Conclusion: The results of this research showed that using military boots, the vertical ground reaction force, the medio-lateral force at heel contact and the peak medio-lateral force were increased. The increase of this value can be related to fracture injuries caused by pressure and patella femoral pain. The results of this study showed that the type of boots can be effective in preventing lower limb injuries. Therefore, using new operational boots is suggested for the military application. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7914.html Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect and sustainability of eight weeks corrective exercises, postural reeducation and their combination on core stability in young females with lumbar hyperlordosis. Methods: 55 female students with increased lumbar lordosis randomly divided into four groups (corrective exercise, postural reeducation,combination of exercise and postural reeducation and control). The degree of lordosis was measured by a flexible ruler and core muscls endurance by Mcgill tests before and after eight weeks, and then after eight weeks of follow-up. Results: The results of repeated measure of ANOVA test indicated a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in study groups in reducing core stability. The results showed that pretest and posttest of exercise group compred with the postural reeducation and control group had a significant difference in core stability (p <0.05). In terms of sustainability the results showed that the difference between the exercise group and combined group with the control group was significant core stability score (p <0.05). Conclusion: It seems that the use of corrective exercises, combined and postural reeducation program, are likely to be effective in improving core stability in young females with lumbar hyperlordosis, but the effect of the combined program was more than the other interventions. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7915.html Background and Aims: Volleyball players apply force at short speed more oblique strokes to the ball so that it lands quickly on the ground.The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of two types of resistance training with cable and barbells on vertical force and impulse caused by oblique strokes in the spike of female volleyball. Materials and Methods: The present study method was semi-experimental. The statistical population of this study included 45 female volleyball players from Mohaghegh University. The statistical samples was divided into three groups of 15 people in the training groups 1 with barbell, dumbbell, medicine­ training ­­tools, and groups 2 with­­ training with cable bodybulding equipment, and the third group in as control group. Force plate was used to record ground reaction forces.The table was used to adjust the height diagonal shots, the invisible string and the volleyball ball for the dominant hand shot volleyball players. Results: The effects of the force resulting from the diagonal impact on the ball on the vertical ground reaction force were significant in the group1 (p< 0.008) and not significant in group 2 (p< 0.133).The effect of the impulse time factor in the strength training group on the vertical component of the ground reaction force was significant in group1 (P<0.030) and in group 2 (P<0.023). Conclusion: combined strength training with barbell and medicine increases power in diagonal shots and produces maximum vertical force in a shorter time to the ball in diagonal spike shots in volleyball. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7731.html Background and Aim: This study focuses and reviews the researches that examines the effect of footwear types on torsional, vertical and limb stiffness during running.Methods: The search for articles in English languages between 2000 and 2024 (until May) was carried out in WOS, Scopus, PubMed, Springer databases and grey literature from Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria included the number of participants being more than one and the availability of the full text of the articles. Exclusion criteria included studies whose participants were under 18 years of age. Review studies and studies that studied an activity other than running.Results: 586 relevant articles were selected. After examining the articles, 17 articles were selected. Vertical stiffness and limb stiffness in barefoot conditions are significantly greater than in conventional shoes. The torsional stiffness in the ankle and hip joints in conventional shoe conditions was reported to be higher than in barefoot and minimal shoe conditions. In contrast, the torsional stiffness of the knee joint in conventional shoe conditions was lower than in barefoot and minimal shoe conditions.Conclusion: These findings provide further insight into the susceptibility of runners to different injury mechanisms as a function of footwear. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7916.html Introduction and Purpose: Core stability is crucial for preventing and alleviating low back pain. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of suspended core stability exercises on the static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level in females with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain (NSCLBP). Methodology: 21 females with NSLBP were randomly divided into experimental(n:11, age:35/1±8/2) and control (n:11, age:32/9±7/6) groups. The static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level were measured by Biodex balance system, valid tests of Core stability and Visual analogue scale (VAS) respectively. Mixed ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results: Based on the results of the study, unlike the control group, there was a significant difference in static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level variables from pre-test to post-test in the experimental group. Also, this difference was observed between the experimental and control groups(P≤0/05). Conclusion: According to the results of this research, Suspended Core Stability Exercises with TRX, may improve core stability, static and dynamic balance and decrease pain in female with NSCLBP. This may be due to the instability of these exercises, which enhances muscle activation in the core while also involving changes in body position and movements of the upper and lower limbs. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7732.html Testosterone enanthate increases muscle growth and athletic performance but is associated with oxidative stress and tissue damage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of propolis on oxidative stress markers induced by testosterone enanthate in the kidney tissue of female Wistar rats undergoing resistance training. Twenty-two 8-week-old female rats, weighing 208.22±14.17 g, were randomly divided into three groups: 1) resistance training + placebo (n=6), 2) resistance training + testosterone enanthate (n=8), 3) resistance training + testosterone enanthate + propolis (n=8). The rats underwent an 8-week resistance training protocol involving ladder climbing (five days per week). Testosterone enanthate was administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight per injection, and propolis was administered at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight by gavage (each three times a week). The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue were measured by spectrophotometry. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that testosterone enanthate significantly decreased GPX and SOD levels and increased MDA levels. Propolis consumption led to a relative reduction in these oxidative stress markers, demonstrating its potential antioxidant effects. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7917.html Aim: Upper cross syndrome leads to widespread changes such as head forward, increased cervical lordosis, back kyphosis, round shoulder. Correcting musculoskeletal abnormalities and providing appropriate activities and movements to eliminate such disabilities and inefficiencies is of particular importance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of massage therapy on upper cruciate syndrome in male students. Methods: In this research, 30 students with upper cruciate syndrome were divided into 2 groups (massage group (15 people) - control group (15 people)). The amount of head forward was evaluated with a camera and back kyphosis was evaluated with a flexible ruler method, and then for 8 weeks of Yomi Ho therapy massage, SPSS version 24 software was used to analyze the data of this research. Results: The results of multivariate and univariate covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the two massage therapy groups and the control group in forward head (P<0.001) and kyphosis variables (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that Yumi Ho therapy massage is an effective method in improving upper cruciate syndrome and especially on forward head and kyphosis abnormalities. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7733.html low back pain (LBP) is a significant issue and the aim of study was to compare two protocols, stretching exercises and combination of Pilates, regarding their effects on pain, disability, and electromyographic activity of core muscles in women with LBP.This research employed a semi-experimental clinical trial design with pre-tes, post-test measures and a control group. Thirty women aged 20-35 with LBP were randomly assigned to three groups. Pain using a visual analog scale, disability using the Roland-Morris Questionnaire, and electromyographic activity was measured using bilateral electromyography. The experimental groups performed their exercises for 8 weeks, control group continued their regular daily activities.Both protocols were effective in reducing pain and disability while increasing electromyographic activity of muscles. Analysis revealed significant differences in post-tests between the intervention groups and the control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the two intervention groups. The results means indicated a greater effect of the combination exercises compared to stretching exercises alone.The results suggest that stretching exercises and a combination of Pilates are effective in reducing pain, disability and increasing electromyographic activity of core muscles in individuals with LBP. it is recommended to utilize these exercises for improving non-specific chronic LBP. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7918.html Introduction & Aim: Motor control deficits such as dynamic knee valgus and quadriceps dominance are recognized as key modifiable risk factors for lower-limb injuries. Feedback-based training has been proposed as an effective strategy to correct high-risk biomechanics. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of feedback interventions on lower-limb mechanics and performance during jump-landing movements Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar) and national databases (Magiran, Irandoc) from 2000 to 2023. Studies were included if they examined the effects of any form of feedback on healthy individuals with lower-limb motor control deficits. From an initial 540 retrieved articles, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria after screening and full-text review. Results: Most studies reported that feedback, particularly external or real-time feedback, led to increased flexion angles of the hip and knee in the sagittal plane during jump-landing. The findings regarding frontal plane mechanics were inconsistent: some studies showed a reduction in knee valgus angle, while others reported no significant change. A majority confirmed a reduction in peak vertical ground reaction force following feedback. However, limited studies assessed performance outcomes such as jump height or reactive strength index, and their findings were contradictory. Conclusion: Feedback interventions appear effective in improving biomechanical risk factors related to lower-limb injury during jump-landing tasks; however, their impact on functional performance remains unclear. Further research is required to determine long-term retention and performance outcomes. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7734.html Aim: One of the methods used to improve sports performance is the use of carbohydrate mouth rinse. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on the specific performance of trained soccer players. Methods: Eighteen professional football players (22 ± 2 years) were randomized into two groups of carbohydrate mouth rinse (CMR) and placebo (P) in a fasted state after eight hours of sleep. During the two main test sessions, players were provided with either a color- and flavor-matched carbohydrate drink or a no-calorie drink (placebo) for a mouth rinse in a double-blind randomized crossover design. Players were asked to rinse the carbohydrate solution in their mouth for 10-15 seconds and then return it to the plastic cup. Sprint performance, maximum height jump, and 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15 IFT) were taken from the subjects.Findings: Carbohydrate mouth rinse increased running distance in 15-30 IFT test. While there was no significant difference between the two groups in the performance of the 30-meter speed test and the maximum vertical jump.Conclusion: Therefore, those soccer players who are unable to drink carbohydrate solutions due to digestive problems are advised to use the carbohydrate mouth rinse way to improve their performance during the game. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7735.html Introduction and aim: The purpose of this study was to Comparison of the effect of neuromuscular trainings with and without supervision on core stability and proprioception and pain of housewives' with nonspecific chronic low back pain.Methodology: In this semi-experimental study 30 housewives from Qazvin city selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups. (neuromuscular trainings without supervision: age: 46±10/4 yr., Height:154/7±8/7 cm., weight:74/8± 6/2 kg), neuromuscular trainings with supervision (age: 40/7±9/1 yr. Height: 161/9±5/9 cm., weight: 65/3±7/5 kg) And control: age: 46/4± 10/3 yr, Height:155/1± 8/8 cm., weight: 69/4± 10 kg)) with nonspecific chronic low back pain (age: 30-60 yr) Were affected. Training sessions held for 8 weeks under researcher supervision (3 session of 90 minutes per week). To assess pain and proprioception of trunk and core stability, Visual analogue scale (VAS), goniometer and McGill and Bearing-Sorensen test were used respectively. ANOVA was used to analyses data and for pairwise comparison, Tukey's test was used.Results: Results of this study show that pain in two experimental groups (neuromuscular trainings with and without supervision) were significantly reduced compared to the control group (P=0.000), as well as deep sense and central stability in both neuromuscular trainings with and without supervision groups and these groups significantly increased compared to the control group (P=0.000), but there were no significant differences between neuromuscular trainings with and without supervision groups for all variables (p≥0.05).Discussion and conclusion: According to the results it's recommended that these exercises, because of the minimum cost, when and where to focus on and execute people with non-specific chronic low back pain. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7736.html Introduction and purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of acute glutamine supplementation along with intermittent exercise on Hsp70 and blood lactate response of club football players. Methodology: 32 players of the Tehran Railway team were selected and randomly divided into four groups: control, supplement, supplement-sports activity, and sports-activity. Subjects participated in daily exercises before conducting the study, and only two complementary groups - sports activity and sports activity - performed the periodic protocol. Blood samples were taken at baseline, pre-test, post-test and 90 minutes after the test. The supplement and placebo were consumed in an amount of 0.5 g/kgBW and a volume of 5 ml/kgBW one hour before the periodic protocol. The interval protocol included 3 stages of 20-minute running with an intensity of 80% of the maximum heart rate and a 5-minute rest of walking between the stages. HSP72 and blood lactate levels were measured using ELISA and enzymatic methods, respectively. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measures and the between-group factor at the P≤0.05 level. Findings: Glutamine supplement alone and together with exercise stimulate the response of HSP72 and the combination of supplement and exercise leads to a greater response of HSP72 and lactate changes did not play a role in this response. Discussion and conclusion: It seem that taking glutamine supplements in the long term creates more adaptations, which of course should be studied. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7737.html Introduction: Scapular asymmetry is considered as a significant abnormality in the resting position of the scapula. The present study aims to evaluate the stability, functional quality, and performance of the shoulder girdle among CrossFit athletes with and without scapular asymmetry.Methods: Totally, 60 male CrossFit athletes aged between 20-30 years old with over one year of experience in CrossFit training were invited to participate in the study. Then, the participants were divided into two groups including the asymmetry (N=16) and normal shoulder status (N=22). In the next step, the statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0/05). Finally, the Nordic and DASH (disability of arm, shoulder, and hand) questionnaires, as well as the Davies CKCUES (close kinetic chain upper extremity stability) test, LSST (lateral scapular slide test), and YBT (Y Balance test) were administered.Results: The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated a non-normal distribution of the data (p<0.000). Additionally, no significant difference was observed by the Mann-Whitney U test.Conclusion: Based on the results, no significant difference was reported in sports performance quality, activity levels, or pain compared to the control group, despite the presence of asymmetry, representing that participation in CrossFit may mitigate the adverse effects related to scapular asymmetry. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7738.html The study aimed to investigate the impact of gait retraining using verbal feedback on pain and peak vertical ground reaction force in runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome, a common treatment and prevention method for the condition that involves modifying movement patterns to ensure knee joint stability. The current research was applied, and a semi-experimental study method with a pre-test-post-test design was used. The statistical sample of this research was made up of 20 runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome who were identified by a physiotherapist using the Clark test and were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group performed eight weeks of running and three sessions per week along with the walking retraining protocol with verbal feedback from the researcher, while the control group did not receive any intervention to their exercise. The variables studied in this research were the pain factor and the peak vertical ground reaction force, which were recorded respectively using a visual analog scale and a Bartek dynamometer with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz in both pre- and post-test stages. The results of the the mixed analysis of variance test with repeated measurements showed that the interactive effect of time on the group was significant and, the gait retraining protocol by verbal feedback reduced pain (P=0.000) and the peak vertical ground reaction force in the experimental group (P=0.003). The existence of differences in pain variables and peak ground reaction force during running confirms the need to use different strategies in the training of athletes. It is suggested that trainers have a special look at the gait retraining approach by verbal feedback to correct the movement pattern while running, in rehabilitation, and specialized exercises. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7739.html Introductionprevious research has shown that ACTN3 rs1815739 and COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphisms may affect power performance. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between ACTN3 and COL5A1 polymorphisms with the baseline level of power performance and its effect on adaptation to plyometric training.MethodsThe research subjects were 38 boys with an average age of 10.3 ± 0.53. Vertical jump (CMJ) and horizontal jump (SBJ) tests were used to evaluate lower body muscle power. The plyometric training protocol was for 6 weeks. DNA was extracted from saliva and genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP method. Based on genetic analysis, people were divided into the following groups in the ACTN3 polymorphism: RX (n=20), RR (n=13), and XX (n=5), and in the COL5A1 polymorphism: CT (n=19), CC (n =8) and TT (n=11). ANCOVA test was used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe results showed that plyometric training caused a significant increase in CMJ and SBJ tests (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed when the average basic performance and adaptation to plyometric training were compared according to ACTN3 and COL5A1 genotypes (p>0.05). Conclusionplyometric training effectively increases power in children, but these differences are probably not affected by ACTN3 and COL5A1 genotypes. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7740.html Sports injuries hold significant importance due to several reasons such as injury types and their nature, identifying risk factors associated with these injuries, the effectiveness of sports equipment, and individual variations in injury occurrence. Common among athletes, these injuries range from sprains and strains to fractures, significantly impacting their performance. One of the methods to prevent all kinds of injuries is the use of smart textiles and wearable technologies. Smart textiles refer to textile-based structures that have the ability to sense or react to various stimuli, including physiological variables of the body. These structures play a significant role in monitoring the performance of athletes in various disciplines and improving sports injuries, both among athletes and at the community level. This study reviews the definitions, nature, and types of sports injuries, and the principles and application of smart textiles in sports. Moreover, heat-generating smart textiles as a method of improving and treating sports injuries are explained. Information was collected through searches on Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar using keywords such as "sports injuries," "smart textiles," "wearable technology," and "heat-generating textiles" within the time frame of 2000-2023. The review followed a systematic approach, including defining the topic, selecting relevant databases, and using a combination of keywords to gather comprehensive and representative sources. The most significant findings from the reviewed articles include the effectiveness of heat therapy in reducing muscle soreness and promoting recovery, the role of smart textiles in injury improvement, and the advancements in wearable technology for monitoring and improving athletic performance. Flexibility, air permeability, and temperature control were among the features of textile-based structures designed and investigated in various studies. Previous studies also showed that the textile structure and the type of conductive materials, such as conductive polymers and conductive yarns, affect its heat generation capability and uniformity. Moreover, the use of conductive yarns showed more technical advantages, such as higher uniformity in heat generation compared to other proposed methods. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7741.html The purpose of this study was to investigate eight weeks of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises on movement performance indicators, walking kinematics and lower limb damage in students with weak lumbopelvic control. Methodology: 30 female students with a mean age of 16.65±0.75 years, height of 161.80±4.11 cm, weight of 62.70±5.64 kg who had weak lumbopelvic control were purposively selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups n=15 and control groups n=15. The experimental group performed the neuromuscular for eight weeks, three sessions per week for 60 minutes, while the control group did not receive the intervention to assess lumbopelvic control a biofeedback device was used for jumping, static balance was used for stork test, dynamic balance was used for Y test, landing error was used for landing Error Scoring System Test, and lower limb motor function was used for tests (single-leg jump test, triple jump test, 6 - meter jump test in time, and cross jump test results: The present study showed that the effect of DNS exercises on motor performance indices 0.012, gait kinematics 0.001, and lower limb injury 0.012 was significant P<0.05. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7742.html Background and Aims: The current study aims to investigate the immediate effect of a researcher-made wedge treadmill on the activity of the selected lower limb muscles of flat feet individuals, so by activating the muscles, it can be used to help in the area of corrective exercise and correction of flat feet, rehabilitation and injury prevention.Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental intervention based on the creation and introduction of a new tool and its effect evaluation. 16 subjects over 18 years old with flat feet deformity were included in this study. The subjects performed the protocol of walking at a normal speed on the researcher-made wedge treadmill at each of the lateral angles of 0, 5 and 15 degrees for 90 seconds. The electromyographic activity of five selected muscles was recorded at those angles. Statistical analysis was performed on Matlab and SPSS software. Friedman's test was used to evaluate the significant differences between angles and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to compare two-by-two means.Results: According to the results, the average activity of selected muscles (peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus and hallucis longus) during walking between angles of 5 and 15 degrees on a wedge treadmill had a statistically significant difference compared to 0 degrees (P≤0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that the amount of muscle activity of the lower limbs of subjects with flat feet during walking at 5 and 15-degree lateral angles has a significant difference compared to the same people walking at a zero-degree angle. Our results suggest that using the researcher-made wedge treadmill can significantly increase lower limb muscle activity in people with flat feet. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7743.html Introduction and purpose: The landing error scoring system is a valid and reliable tool for functional assessment of jump-landing movement. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of sports training on the landing error scoring system in athletes.Methodology: Searching between 2014 and 2024 from IranDoc, Magiran, PubMed, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, PEDro and (ISI) Institute for Scientific Information databases using the combination of jump-landing keywords. Landing mechanics, landing kinetics and kinematics, injury prevention, training, rehabilitation and landing error scoring system were done. A total of 88 articles related to this field were found, after reviewing and screening through the inclusion criteria, 8 articles were reviewed in full text.Results: Various exercises, including neuromuscular, suspension, knee injury prevention, fatigue and kinesiotype, have been used to be effective on the landing error scoring system test. As a result of corrective exercises and fatigue, the experimental groups showed an improvement and a decrease in the jump-landing movement performance in the landing error scoring system, respectively.Discussion and conclusion: It seems that in order to prevent jump-landing movement errors and possible injuries caused by it, exercises should be done that, in addition to increasing concentration and coordination in movement, make athletes resistant to factors such as danger. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7744.html Abstract:Introduction and purpose: Back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Since it is difficult for people with back pain to bear weight, a treatment that can strengthen the muscles of the lumbar region while bearing weight without pain is of great interest. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the effect of eight weeks of traditional resistance training and TRX on the performance of people with non-specific chronic back pain.Research method: 45 football players aged 20 to 30 years with chronic back pain were purposefully selected and placed in 3 groups, TRX exercises, traditional exercises and a control group of 15 people each. Before and after the training period, performance variable was evaluated by square test, and trunk endurance was evaluated by Magill tests. Further, the subjects of the experimental groups performed their respective exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions of 45 minutes each week, while the control group went through the research process without specialized back pain exercises. For the inferential analysis of the data, the statistical method of variance analysis of repeated measures was used.Findings: In the intra-group comparison, a significant effect on performance was observed in both traditional and TRX training groups, but no significant difference was observed in the control group. The findings showed that, in the intergroup comparison between the intervention groups compared to the control and between the two intervention groups, a significant difference was observed in the performance and endurance variables of the trunk muscles, so that the TRX training group had a greater effect and effect size than the traditional training. .Conclusion: In general, the results of this research showed that the TRX training program has a significant effect on improving performance compared to traditional resistance training. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7745.html Introduction: Direct assessment of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in blind athletes presents challenges due to visual limitations and associated risks. Therefore, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) has been suggested as a safer, indirect method. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between RPE and different percentages of 1RM in the bench press exercise among blind athletes.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 43 elite blind athletes (mean age 27.2 ± 5.5 years; BMI 25.5 ± 2.4 kg/m²) from four sports (goalball, football, athletics, and swimming) in B1, B2, and B3 categories participated. Initially, each athlete's 1RM was assessed using standard methods, and then the RPE was measured using the CR-10 scale at 40% to 90% of 1RM.Results: The findings revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.89) between RPE and various percentages of 1RM. The mean RPE scores for 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% of 1RM were 3.16, 4.13, 5.32, 6.85, 8.04, and 9.05, respectively.Conclusion: These results suggest that RPE can be used as a safe and reliable tool alongside 1RM for resistance training programming in blind athletes. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7746.html Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training and continuous training on the serum levels of fetuin A and fetuin B in obese men.Method: For this purpose, after homogenization, 45 obese males (Weight: 94.65±2.02 kg, Age: 26±5 yrs, BMI: 33.62±1.41 kg.m2) were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (15 people), continuous training group (15 people), and interval training group (15 people) based on individual characteristics. The training groups were done in 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Interval training consisted of 6 bursts of 3-minute at 90% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) running, with 3 minutes of active recovery between each burst at 50% VO2 max running on a treadmill. Continuous training consisted of 50 minutes of running at 70% of VO2 max running on a treadmill. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session and were used for index analysis using an ELISA device.Results: Analyses covariance test for the plasma levels of fetuin A and fetuin B showed that the difference between groups (control, MICT and HIIT) was statistically significant (p<0.001). According to the results of post hoc Bonferroni test for fetuin A level, there is a significant difference between the HIIT (p<0.001) and MICT (p=0.007) groups with the control group. Also, based on the results of post hoc Bonferroni test for fetuin B levels, there is a significant difference between the HIIT (p<0.001) and MICT (p<0.001) groups with the control group. In addition, fetuin B reduction in the HIIT group compared to MICT group was statistically significant (p<0.001).Conclusion: The present results showed that although both MICT and HIIT had positive effects on reducing plasma levels of hepatokines (fetuin-A and fetuin-B), HIIT was more effective in influencing these variables. Specifically, HIIT resulted in a greater reduction in fetuin-B levels compared to MICT, while no significant difference was observed between the training groups in terms of fetuin-A levels. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7748.html Abstract Hamstring flexibility plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance of Wushu athletes and can increase their chances of success at both national and international levels. Aim: The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of a Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training program, with and without myofascial release(MR), on hamstring flexibility, range of motion(ROM), and the performance of the Knee and Hip joints in male Wushu athletes. Methodology: The study sample consisted of 36 Wushu athletes, aged between 18 and 38 years, who were purposively and randomly divided into three groups of 12 participants: a PNF stretching training group with myofascial release, a PNF stretching training group without myofascial release, and a control group. All participants followed the training protocol for 6 weeks, and at the end, a final test was conducted on all groups.hamstring flexibility was evaluate with the AKE 90-90 test, hip flexion ROM with a goniometer, and the function of knee and hip joints was performed with Sargent's jump. Results: The results of the statistical analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the effect of PNF stretching with release on hamstring muscle flexibility was significant (α = 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the PNF group with and without MR in terms of increased hamstring flexibility and hip flexion ROM (P>0.05). Also, knee and hip joints performance did not show any significant change from pre-test to post-test. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be recommended to wushu players to use PNF stretching with MR to increase hamstring muscle flexibility. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7749.html Introduction: Patellofemoral pain is one of the most common orthopedic knee problems in runners. The Pose model is an instructor-led gait training program that aims to modify gait to reduce the risk of injury. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the immediate effect of modifying the running kinematic pattern using the Pose model on kinematic factors associated with patellofemoral pain in runners.Materials and Methods: The present study was a field trial in which 20 healthy runners were divided into two groups: a control group and a gait retraining group using the Pose method. Running retraining was taught for 30 minutes, and lower limb kinematic variables including trunk angle, contralateral hip drop angle, dynamic knee valgus, knee flexion angle, and ankle dorsiflexion angle were recorded before and after the Pose intervention. SPSS20 software was used to analyze the data.Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that using the Pose model can improve the running kinematic pattern, so that in the intervention group, the trunk angle on the right side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.656, the hip drop angle on the opposite side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.737,the dynamic knee valgus on the left side (P<0.02) with an effect size of 0.428 and on the right side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.583,and the maximum knee flexion angle on the left side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.746 and on the right side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.600.Conclusion: retraining the running pattern using the Pose method as immediate feedback can affect the two-dimensional kinematics of the pelvic girdle and knee joints and improve their performance. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7750.html Exercise training and rice bran have anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of combining the two interventions on inflammatory factors is unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training and rice bran consumption on the levels of selected inflammatory factors in overweight men. Sixty overweight men were randomly divided into four groups (n=15): control, rice bran, progressive aerobic training, and training + rice bran. Progressive aerobic training was performed at an intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate for, 20-35 min, 8 weeks, with 3 sessions per week. Rice bran was consumed in an amount of 10 grams twice a day (before breakfast and before sleeping). Before and after the completion of the interventions, blood samples were taken and serum levels of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Analysis of covariance with Bonferroni post hoc test was used to interpret the data. There were significant decreases in the levels of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α with training and training + rice bran compared to the control and rice bran groups (p<0.05). The CRP and TNF-α reduction was also significant after rice bran consumption compared to the control group (p<0.001). Moreover, decrease in the levels of IL-6 (p=0.002) and TNF-α (p<0.001) in the training +rice bran group compared to the training group was also significant. The findings confirmed that aerobic training and rice bran consumption are effective in reducing inflammation, and there was a synergistic effect of rice bran supplementation and aerobic training. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7751.html Floss banding, as a new and effective technique, is becoming increasingly popular in the field of sports training, sports injury prevention, and rehabilitation. Given the need for further studies on the effect of floss banding on isometric strength and neuromuscular activity, this study aims to investigate the effect of floss banding. This study was conducted on judo players with a training history of at least two years and an age range of 20-30. The test method was as follows: first, the subjects were given an isometric strength test using a dynamometer, and at the same time, the neural and muscular activity was recorded using an EMG device. Then, the floss band was wrapped according to the protocol and after that, the strength and neuromuscular activity test was taken from the subjects immediately and 20 minutes after unwrapping the floss band. The results showed that eight weeks of floss banding had no significant effect on isometric grip strength from the pre-test to the post-test (p=0.096). The test results showed that there was no significant difference between the average isometric grip strength of judo players during the measurement stages (p=0.75). There was no significant difference between the average surface electromyography activity of the FCR muscle of judo players during the measurement stages (p=0.94). There was no significant difference between the average surface electromyography activity of the FCU muscle of judo players during the measurement stages (p=0.51). According to the results, using floss bands in a single session had no significant effect on the isometric grip strength and the electromyography activity of the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm. Using floss bands as an 8-week protocol using at least two days a week had no positive effect on the isometric grip strength and the electromyography activity of the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7752.html Introduction: Diabetes is a progressive metabolic disease that activates the immune system and increases certain inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17. One of the complications associated with diabetes affects the brain and nervous system, leading to cognitive dysfunction. Physical activities are effective in improving the condition of diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a multi-task combined home exercise program on serum levels of the cytokine interleukin-17 and cognitive function in women with type 2 diabetes.Methods: Seventy patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups: exercise and control. The exercise group participated in a multi-task combined home-based exercise program for three months. Blood markers, cognitive function, and body composition were measured before and after the intervention. The results were analyzed using SPSS software, with a significance level of P<0.05.Results: The present study showed that the combined exercise program led to a reduction in the inflammatory cytokine IL-17 (P<0.05). Although cognitive function showed relative improvement, the results were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Concurrently, fasting blood glucose decreased in the exercise group (P<0.05), and some body composition indices, particularly body fat percentage, improved (P<0.05).Conclusion: Home-based combined exercise programs were associated with a reduction in the inflammatory cytokine IL-17 and a relative improvement in cognitive function in diabetic patients. The potential improvement in immune responses following these exercises may contribute to the reduction of serum IL-17 levels. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7753.html The impact of maternal physical activity on offspring health and phenotypic changes due to exercise has emerged as a significant area of interest in exercise physiology in recent years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of a maternal high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the expression of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes in the skeletal muscle of first-generation offspring in Wistar rats. Twenty-four 8-week-old female Wistar rats were acclimatized to the environment and then divided into three groups: a maternal control group, a maternal pre-pregnancy exercise group, and a maternal exercise group that trained both before and during pregnancy. The pre-pregnancy exercise regimen lasted 6 weeks, while the exercise during pregnancy lasted 3 weeks. The exercise protocol involved treadmill running, consisting of 5 days per week, with each session including 1 minute of running at 85-100% of VO2peak and a 10% incline, followed by 2 minutes of rest at 65% of VO2peak and 0% incline. The number of intervals started at 10 and increased based on the overload principle. The control group remained sedentary during this period. After the exercise period and the birth of the offspring, male offspring were categorized according to their maternal groups, and the expression levels of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes in their skeletal muscle were evaluated at 10 weeks of age. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test.The results indicated that after the 6-week HIIT program, both the pre-pregnancy exercise group and the group that exercised before and during pregnancy showed significant differences in speed and distance in the functional performance test compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, significant differences were observed in the expression of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes among the groups after the birth of the offspring. These differences were significant between the pre-pregnancy exercise group, the pre- and during-pregnancy exercise group, and the control group (P < 0.05). It appears that maternal exercise before and during pregnancy induces changes in the mitochondrial genotype of the offspring, with a more pronounced effect on the expression of mitochondrial genes such as PGC1α and SIRT1 when exercise occurs both before and during pregnancy compared to exercise before pregnancy alone. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7754.html Objectives: Wrestlers use new methods to improve their performance. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of six weeks of wrestling- specific competitive training on the functional responses of male freestyle wrestlers. Methods: Thirty six wrestlers were selected according to the physical characteristics of age (21.60 ± 2.95 yr), height (173.5 ± 5.05 cm), weight (70.00 ± 9.96 kg), fat percentage (16.20 ± 2.24%), body mass index (23.18 ±/ 53 kg/m2) and at least 2 years wrestling experience. After measurement of the isometric strength tests of hands, hand and foot power, the subjects in two groups of Tabata training (TT) and normal club wrestling training program (WT) were divided for a period of 6 weeks (n= 18 for each group) , tests were taken again at the end of 6 weeks to check the performance of the wrestlers in the two groups. The obtained data were analyzed by using the Shapiro-Wilk statistical test for normality of the data and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements, post-hoc test and Friedman's non-parametric test in cases of non-normal distribution, level of α < 0.05 were checked by SPSS 24. Results: Six weeks of wrestling- specific completive training (TT) on left hand power, peak power, average power and upper limb fatigue index and pressure perception had a significant effect (p<0.05), but on right hand power, peak, average, minimum power and index Lower limb fatigue had no significant effect (p>0.05). Conclusion: Wrestling-specific competitive training could improve some performance indicators in male freestyle wrestlers. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7755.html Introduction During the menstrual cycle, the body experiences fluctuations in sex hormones, which can affect performance and injury rates in women. In the integrated human body system, the coordination between joints and limbs influences each other and the ultimate goal of movement. Objective The study aimed to investigate the impact of different phases of the menstrual cycle on the variability of pelvic-hip rhythm coordination during the execution of the roundhouse kick in taekwondo. Methods This applied, quasi-experimental study was conducted on 12 elite female taekwondo athletes from Tehran, selected through convenience sampling. Kinematic data were collected using 8 Vicon cameras (240 Hz) and the Plug-in Gait marker system across three menstrual phases (follicular, ovulation, and luteal). The data were processed using a fourth-order Butterworth filter. Joint range of motion (ROM) was analyzed using Nexus software, and coordination variability was calculated using the modified vector coding method. One-way ANOVA and parametric statistical mapping were used to examine differences in joint angles, coordination patterns, and variability. Results The results of study showed no significant relationship between the ROM of the hip and pelvic joints, the frequency of coordination patterns, and variability across different phases of the menstrual cycle (P ≥ 0.05). Discussion and Conclusion The findings suggest that adaptations developed through years of training under various menstrual cycle conditions may mitigate the significant impact of this factor on the performance of elite athletes. Additionally, the skill level of professional athletes enables them to optimally utilize coordination variability to achieve desired performance outcomes. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7756.html This systematic review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of resistance training, particularly exercises designed based on 3D motion analysis, in improving muscle strength and balance function in elderly individuals with early knee osteoarthritis. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for articles published from January 2000 to December 2024. Selected studies were required to have utilized 3D motion analysis to assess movement deficits and design exercise programs. Out of 84 reviewed articles, 18 were chosen for final analysis. The results indicated that the majority of studies (86%) confirmed the effectiveness of resistance training in ameliorating knee osteoarthritis symptoms. Specifically, significant improvements were observed in functional balance (44% of articles) and reductions in knee pain (48% of articles). Furthermore, 33% of the studies reported superior efficacy for exercises designed based on 3D biomechanical analysis. These findings can significantly enhance the quality of life for patients and promote mobility safety in the elderly by reducing the risk of falls and improving joint stability. In conclusion, the findings suggest that innovative training approaches, particularly those incorporating 3D motion analysis, can play a pivotal role in optimizing rehabilitation and enhancing the quality of life for elderly individuals with knee osteoarthritis. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7757.html Aim: Optimal performance is the ultimate goal of athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on athletic performance and metabolic adaptations. Methodes: The participants were divided into 4 groups: High-Intensity Running Training (HIITRUN), Sport-Specific High-Intensity training (HIITSPORT), Combined Training (HIITSPORT+RUN), and Control. The measured indicators included: maximum running speed in the 30-15 test (VIFT), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), the SWFT index and throws in the sport-specific wrestling fitness test, fatigue index, and maximal lactate. Comparisons between dependent variables were performed using a two-way analysis of variance (group and time) with repeated measures. Result: Significant changes in (VIFT) and VO2max were observed in HIITSPORT+RUN (P<0.05) and HIITRUN (P<0.05) compared to pre-training, control, and HIITSPORT. The fatigue index showed a significant decrease in HIITSPORT+RUN and HIITRUN compared to pre-training in the other groups. HIITSPORT+RUN (P<0.05) showed the greatest improvements in the SWFT index compared to HIITRUN and HIITSPORT, and the time-group interaction confirmed its superiority. Post-exercise lactate levels in HIITSPORT+RUN (P<0.05) were lower than in HIITRUN, but no significant difference was observed in the time-group interaction (P<0.05). The difference in maximal lactate levels before and after exercise in HIITSPORT+RUN (P<0.05) was lower compared to HIITRUN. HIITSPORT+RUN (P<0.05) showed better performance in the SWFT compared to pre-training. The fatigue index decreased in all training groups except for the control (P<0.05). Conclusion: the combined HIIT approach of sport-specific training and running is the most effective method for improving wrestlers' performance and metabolic adaptations. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7758.html Anaerobic capacity of the upper body is one of the special needs of wrestling athletes, which is measured in laboratory conditions by the Wingate hand test, but specialized field tests to measure this index are limited. Accordingly, in this research, an attempt was made to design a special field test to It should be used to measure the anaerobic power of the upper body of wrestlers. In this research, 20 wrestlers with an average age of 17.80 ± 2.50 years, height 172.90 ± 7.04 cm, weight 66.09 ± 13.03 kg, and body mass index 22.20 ± 2.76 kg/m2 Kurdistan province team members with national and international championship history and those without championship history were present. The movement in the hanging position was used at maximum speed.After performing the Wingate test and the designed test, the maximum, average and minimum anaerobic power and the fatigue index were calculated by the respective formulas, also the heart rate was measured immediately and the lactate level 2 minutes after the execution of the tests. Therefore, the designed test was based on the test Wingate upper body has acceptable validity, reliability and objectivity and is recommended as a valid and special test to measure the anaerobic power of the upper body of wrestlers https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7759.html Abstract Introduction and purpose: Structural remodeling of the heart following myocardial infarction often leads to heart failure, a condition characterized by impaired cardiac function and increased hemodynamic load. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and ventricular remodeling play key roles in the pathogenesis of heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined administration of propionate and low-volume HIIT on inflammatory status and cardiac function in mice with heart failure.Methodology: Forty male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 200–250 g) were induced with HF by isoproterenol injection (130 mg/kg) and randomly assigned to five groups: (1) Control, (2) heart failure, (3) heart failure + Propionate, (4) heart failure + HIIT, and (5) heart failure + HIIT + Propionate. HIIT consisted of 10 one-minute bouts with a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio, performed over 6 weeks. Propionate was administered orally at a dose of 1000 mg/kg prior to each training session. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography, and cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05).Findings: Both HIIT and propionate individually improved cardiac function and inflammatory markers. The combined intervention significantly increased ejection fraction (p = 0.038) and fractional shortening (p=0.023), reduced TNF-α (p=0.0061), and increased IL-10 levels (p=0.0007), yielding superior outcomes compared with individual treatments.Discussion and conclusion: This study demonstrates that the combination of propionate supplementation with low-volume HIIT effectively improves inflammation and cardiac function in rats with heart failure. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7760.html AbstractPurpose: Balance and gait are considered critical factors for the health of older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of virtual reality (VR)-based training on balance and gait in older women. Methods: The statistical population of this study consisted of all elderly women with an average age of 75.5±3.39 and an average weight of 72.08±9.46 kg in Shahrood city. 30 people were selected conveniently and purposefully based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). In the pre-test, the subjects' static balance was measured by the Sharpendramberg test, dynamic balance by the modified Star Balance test, functional balance by the Berg Functional Balance Scale test, and fall risk by the Dynamic Gait Index test. The subjects in the experimental group did virtual reality-based exercises for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, each session lasting 30 to 45 minutes). Finally, all subjects were post-tested and the data obtained were used by paired t-tests for intragroup comparison and independent t-tests for comparing between-group changes at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The findings of the present study showed that 8 weeks of virtual reality-based training significantly increased static, dynamic, and functional balance (p=0.022), (p=0.0001), and (p=0.0001), respectively. Also, the dynamic gait index was significantly improved in this group (p=0.0001). The results of the independent t-test also showed that a significant difference was observed in the variables of static (p=0.001), dynamic (p=0.04), and functional (p=0.015) balance and dynamic gait index (p=0.0001) between the experimental and control groups. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that virtual reality-based exercises play a significant role in improving static and dynamic balance and reducing the risk of falls in the elderly. Therefore, it is suggested that this age group, by taking advantage of this effective training method, prevent balance disorders and subsequent adverse consequences that are inevitable with aging. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7761.html Introduction: Blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to induce local hypoxia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BFR-induced hypoxia on the angiogenic response to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Methods: Thirty active young men (age =25.6±3.4) were randomly assigned to three groups (n=10 each): control, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), and high-intensity interval exercise with blood flow restriction (HIIE+BFR). The HIIE protocol consisted of 5 sets of 5×30-second high-intensity running intervals with 30-second rest periods. BFR was applied at 60% of each individual's optimal occlusion pressure in the lower limbs. Serum levels of VEGF, HIF-1α, MMP-9, and MMP-2 were measured as angiogenic markers. Statistical analysis was performed using ANCOVA with LSD post-hoc test, with the significance level set at α=0.05. Results: The data revealed that compared to both the control and HIIE groups, the HIIE+BFR group showed significantly greater increases in serum VEGF and HIF-1α levels (P=0.002 and P=0.019, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed among groups for MMP-9 and MMP-2 levels (P=0.318 and P=0.101, respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that combining HIIE with BFR can enhance the angiogenic response through increased VEGF and HIF-1α levels, but does not significantly affect MMP-2 and MMP-9. These findings support the notion that BFR-induced local hypoxia may serve as a complementary stimulus for improving vascular adaptations. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7762.html AbstractBackground: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disorder. Aerobic exercise is a key non-pharmacological strategy for MAFLD management, yet the impact of different training intensities remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on non-invasive liver indices, body composition, and metabolic markers in middle-aged women with MAFLD.Methods: In this clinical trial, 41 women with MAFLD (41.39 ± 6.16 years; BMI: 32.14 ± 3.36 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to HIIT, MICT, or control groups. MICT involved 30–45 minutes at 60–70% heart rate reserve, while HIIT included 4–6 bouts of 30 seconds at 50–100–110% of maximal aerobic speed. Body composition (weight, BMI, BAI, ABSI), steatosis (HSI, FSI, LFS), fibrosis (NFS, NRS, FIB-4, FIB-5, APRI), and metabolic indices (LAP, CMI) were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses included paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and GLMRM (p < 0.05).Results: Both HIIT and MICT significantly reduced weight, BMI, BAI, and LFS. ABSI increased in control. HSI decreased following HIIT, while FSI decreased after MICT. Among fibrosis indices, only FIB-5 showed a significant reduction in MICT compared to HIIT, and NRS decreased in MICT compared to control. LAP decreased in both training groups relative to control, whereas CMI decreased only in MICT.Conclusion: Although MICT demonstrated superiority in certain parameters, HIIT elicited comparable effects in a shorter duration and may represent an efficient strategy for the clinical management of MAFLD. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7763.html Aim: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor symptoms. It is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced expression of key mitochondrial biogenesis genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and cytochrome c oxidase (COX). Considering the potential of exercise to improve mitochondrial function, this study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on the expression of these genes in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease.Methods: In this randomized controlled experimental study, fifty male Wistar rats (8 weeks, 250 ± 50 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (n=10). Parkinsonism was induced by unilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA injection. Exercise protocols included treadmill running (30 to 60 min, 10 to 15 m/min), ladder climbing (5 to 15% body weight), and combined training (3 aerobic + 2 resistance sessions/week) for 8 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the final session, substantia nigra and striatum were collected for qPCR of PGC-1α, TFAM, and COX. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc (SPSS v.26, p<0.05).Results: All exercise interventions significantly increased the expression of all three genes compared to the Parkinsonian sedentary group (p≤0.05). However, combined training had the superior effect, significantly surpassing both aerobic exercise (for PGC-1α: p=0.04; TFAM: p=0.03; COX: p=0.05) and resistance training (for PGC-1α: p=0.02; TFAM: p=0.01; COX: p=0.02). Aerobic training also produced notable positive effects, while improvements from resistance training were smaller.Conclusion: Exercise training, particularly the combination of aerobic and resistance modalities, is an effective strategy to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis markers in the Parkinsonian brain. This molecular adaptation acts as a neuroprotective mechanism and provides strong scientific justification for the clinical application of structured exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention in the management of Parkinson’s disease https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7764.html Introduction:The face is one of the biometric tools in identifying the characteristics of individuals.The purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship between some facial biometric factors and performance indicators of non-athletic children aged 9-11. Method:The present study was a descriptive research with correlational design. The statistical population of this study was all male students in the second to fifth grade of elementary school in the north of Marand County, of which160 people met the conditions for entering the study. Facial biometric dimensions were measured by taking images under standard conditions and analyzing them using the pixelation method in two views including full-face and half face. Sports performance indicators included aerobic power, Claw strength and balance that were measured with a6-minute fast walk test, grip dynamometer, and stork test respectively.Data analysis was performed using Pearson's parametric correlation test. All statistical calculations were performed with SPSS version21software at a significance level of 5%. Findings:There is a significant correlation between the face length to face width ratio variable with aerobic power (p=0.004,r=0.317), grip strength (p=0.014,r=-0.270), there is also a significant correlation between the nose length to nose width ratio variable with aerobic power (p=0.027,r=0.244). In addition, there is a significant correlation between the nose tip angle variable and static balance (p= 0.007,r= 0.298), The mentolabial angle variable with grip strength (p=0.049,r=-0.215). Results:According to the results obtained in this study, facial biometric indicators that are a function of heredity and have the least impact from the environment are effective on developable and changeable functions such as aerobic power, strength and static balance. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7765.html AbstractIntroduction: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are key mechanisms in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Physical activity plays a role in controlling and improving epileptic symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the levels of HMGB1 and IL-10 proteins, and seizure severity in the hippocampus of epileptic rats.Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (6–8 weeks old; mean body weight: 226.625 ± 14.966 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: epilepsy, control, sham, and epilepsy + MICT. After completion of the 8-week training protocol, SOD and GPx activities were measured by ELISA, hippocampal HMGB1 and IL-10 levels were assessed by Western blotting, and seizure severity was evaluated using the Racine scale. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Mann–Whitney U test in SPSS.Results: Epilepsy induction led to decreased SOD (p < 0.02) and GPx (p < 0.001) activities, increased HMGB1 levels (p < 0.001), decreased IL-10 levels (p < 0.001), and increased seizure severity. MICT increased GPx activity (p < 0.048) and reduced HMGB1 levels (p < 0.001) in the training group compared with the epilepsy group. Although SOD activity (p = 0.953) and IL-10 levels (p = 0.198) did not change significantly, seizure severity was significantly reduced in the trained group.Conclusion: Moderate-intensity continuous training appears to exert protective effects and reduce seizure severity in epileptic rats by strengthening the antioxidant defense system and attenuating neuroinflammation. https://jsmt1.khu.ac.ir/article_7766.html Introduction: Balance is a key component of motor control and plays a crucial role in maintaining postural stability during dynamic tasks such as landing and changing direction. Time to stability is a sensitive indicator of neuromuscular efficiency in restoring balance after mechanical perturbations.Purpose of study: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of balance training with and without stroboscopic glasses on TTS in physically active individuals.Methods: In this Randomized Controlled Trial study, 39 physically active men aged 18–30 years were randomly assigned to three groups: balance training with stroboscopic glasses, conventional balance training, and control. Participants completed six weeks of progressive balance exercises. TTS during single-leg landings from 30, 50, and 70 cm was measured using a force plate. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests with a significance level of 0.05.Results: The results of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that both training groups showed a significant improvement in time to stabilization compared with the control group (p < 0.05).A significant main effect of group was observed at 30 cm (η² = 0.34, F = 8.40, p = 0.001), 50 cm (η² = 0.25, F = 5.33, p = 0.010), and 70 cm (η² = 0.30, F = 6.96, p = 0.003).The reduction in time to stabilization was greater in the stroboscopic eyewear group at the 50- and 70-cm landing heights and was accompanied by larger effect sizes. At the 30-cm height, both training groups demonstrated similar improvements.Conclusion: Intentional visual perturbation using stroboscopic glasses enhances reliance on proprioceptive and vestibular inputs, improving dynamic balance control. Integrating stroboscopic glasses into balance training programs may be an effective strategy to enhance performance and reduce the risk of lower-limb injuries in athletes.Keywords: Balance training, stroboscopic glasses, time to stability