Investigation of the Stability, Function Quality And Performance Of Shoulder Girdle Of CrossFit Athletes With And Without Scapula Asymmetry

Authors

1 Shahid Beheshti univercity

2 Tehran univercity

3 East branch Azad univercity

4 Tehran university

Abstract
Introduction: Scapular asymmetry is considered as a significant abnormality in the resting position of the scapula. The present study aims to evaluate the stability, functional quality, and performance of the shoulder girdle among CrossFit athletes with and without scapular asymmetry.

Methods: Totally, 60 male CrossFit athletes aged between 20-30 years old with over one year of experience in CrossFit training were invited to participate in the study. Then, the participants were divided into two groups including the asymmetry (N=16) and normal shoulder status (N=22). In the next step, the statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0/05). Finally, the Nordic and DASH (disability of arm, shoulder, and hand) questionnaires, as well as the Davies CKCUES (close kinetic chain upper extremity stability) test, LSST (lateral scapular slide test), and YBT (Y Balance test) were administered.

Results: The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated a non-normal distribution of the data (p<0.000). Additionally, no significant difference was observed by the Mann-Whitney U test.

Conclusion: Based on the results, no significant difference was reported in sports performance quality, activity levels, or pain compared to the control group, despite the presence of asymmetry, representing that participation in CrossFit may mitigate the adverse effects related to scapular asymmetry.

Keywords


• 1. Gumina S, Carbone S, Postacchini F. Scapular dyskinesis and SICK scapula syndrome in patients with chronic type III acromioclavicular dislocation. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2009;25(1):40-5.DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2008.08.019
• 2. Miniato MA, Anand P, Varacallo M. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, shoulder. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2023.PMID: 30725618
• 3. Sugaya H, Moriishi J, Dohi M, Kon Y, Tsuchiya A. Glenoid rim morphology in recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability. JBJS. 2003;85(5):878-84.DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200305000-00016
• 4. Bassett R, Browne A, Morrey B, An K. Glenohumeral muscle force and moment mechanics in a position of shoulder instability. Journal of biomechanics. 1990;23(5):405-15.DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(90)90295-E
• 5. Nijs J, Roussel N, Vermeulen K, Souvereyns G. Scapular positioning in patients with shoulder pain: a study examining the reliability and clinical importance of 3 clinical tests. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2005;86(7):1349-55.DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.021
• 6. Mottram S. Dynamic stability of the scapula. Man ther. 1997;2(3):123-31.DOI:10.1054/math.1997.0292
• 7. Ben Kibler W. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. The American journal of sports medicine. 1998;26(2):325-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260022801
• 8. Saini SS, Shah SS, Curtis AS. Scapular dyskinesis and the kinetic chain: recognizing dysfunction and treating injury in the tennis athlete. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2020;13:748-56. DOI: 10.1007/s12178-020-09672-6
• 9. Odom CJ, Taylor AB, Hurd CE, Denegar CR. Measurement of scapular asymmetry and assessment of shoulder dysfunction using the lateral scapular slide test: a reliability and validity study. Physical therapy. 2001;81(2):799-809. DOI: 10.1093/ptj/81.2.799
• 10. Giuseppe LU, Laura RA, Berton A, Candela V, Massaroni C, Carnevale A, et al. Scapular dyskinesis: from basic science to ultimate treatment. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(8):2974. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082974
• 11. Kiss RM, Illyés Á, Kiss J. Physiotherapy vs. capsular shift and physiotherapy in multidirectional shoulder joint instability. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2010;20(3):489-501.DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.09.001
• 12. Yoma M, Herrington L, Mackenzie TA. The effect of exercise therapy interventions on shoulder pain and musculoskeletal risk factors for shoulder pain in competitive swimmers: a scoping review. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 2022;31(5):617-28. DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0403
• 13. Bak K, Magnusson SP. Shoulder strength and range of motion in symptomatic and pain-free elite swimmers. The American journal of sports medicine. 1997;25(4):454-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659702500407
• 14. Mizoguchi Y, Suzuki K, Shimada N, Naka H, Kimura F, Akasaka K, editors. Prevalence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and sex differences in range of motion of adolescent volleyball players: a case-control study. Healthcare; 2022: MDPI. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112263
• 15. Silva ER, Maffulli N, Migliorini F, Santos GM, de Menezes FS, Okubo R. Function, strength, and muscle activation of the shoulder complex in Crossfit practitioners with and without pain: a cross-sectional observational study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2022;17(1):24. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-02915-x
• 16. McClure PW, Michener LA, Karduna AR. Shoulder function and 3-dimensional scapular kinematics in people with and without shoulder impingement syndrome. Phys Ther. 2006;86(8):1075-90. DOI: 10.1093/ptj/86.8.1075
• 17. Baltaci G, BAYRAKCI TUNAY V, Binnet M, Ergun N. Rehabilitation in arthroscopic subacromial decompression: six-year follow-up. TURKISH JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY REHABILITATION-FIZYOTERAPI REHABILITASYON. 2007;18(3). vol.18, no.3, pp.201-208, 2007 (ESCI)
• 18. Chairani A, editor Validity and reliability test of the Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire with formal and informal sector workers. The International Conference on Public Health Proceeding; 2020. DOI: 10.26911/the7thicph-FP.05.06
• 19. WB K. Role of the scapula in the overhead throwing motion. Contemp Orthop. 1991;22(5):525-32. DOI: 10.1177/03635465980260022801
• 20. Arikan H, Maras G, Akaras E, Citaker S, Kafa N. Development, reliability and validity of the Closed Kinetic Chain Lower Extremity Stability Test (CKCLEST): a new clinical performance test. Research in Sports Medicine. 2022;30(5):475-90. DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1906674
• 21. Ellenbecker T, Manske R, Davies G. Closed kinetic chain testing techniques of the upper extremities. 2000;9:219-29. PMID: 32269853
• 22. Kitis A, Celik E, Aslan UB, Zencir M. DASH questionnaire for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms in industry workers: a validity and reliability study. Applied ergonomics. 2009;40(2):251-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2008.04.005
• 23. Taspinar F, Aksoy CC, Taspinar B, Cimbiz A. Comparison of patients with different pathologies in terms of shoulder protraction and scapular asymmetry. Journal of physical therapy science. 2013;25(8):1033-8. DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.1033
• 24. CrossFit | About Affiliation https://www.crossfit.com/affiliate [
• 25. Escamilla RF, Yamashiro K, Paulos L, Andrews JR. Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Sports medicine. 2009;39:663-85. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200939080-00004
• 26. Abshenas E, Karimi Zadeh Ardakani M, Takhtaei M, Naderi Beni M. Comparison of Functional Stability of Shoulder Girdle Between Individuals With Symmetric and Asymmetric Scapula. فیزیک درمانی-نشریه تخصصی فیزیوتراپی. 2020;10(2):99-106. DOI: 10.32598/ptj.10.2.443.1
• 27. Kim SG. Correlation between Scapular Asymmetry and Differences in Left and Right Side Activity of Muscles Adjacent to the Scapula. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2017;8(4):255-9. DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.4.04
• 28. Alizadeh M, Daneshmandi H, Shademan B, Ahmadizad S. The effects of exercise training on scapula position of muscle activity measured by EMG. World J Sport Sci. 2009;2:48-52. DOI: 10.1177/036354659202000206
• 29. Micoogullari M, Uygur SF, Yosmaoglu HB. Effect of Scapular Stabilizer Muscles Strength on Scapular Position. Sports Health. 2023;15(3):349-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231155192
• 30. Hasan S, Iqbal A, Alghadir AH, Alonazi A, Alyahya D, editors. The combined effect of the trapezius muscle strengthening and pectoralis minor muscle stretching on correcting the rounded shoulder posture and shoulder flexion range of motion among young Saudi females: A randomized comparative study. Healthcare; 2023: MDPI. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040500

• 31. Akınoğlu B, Kabak B, Balci A, Kocahan T, Hasanoğlu A. A comparative study of shoulder muscle strength, sense of proprioception and internal/external rotation flexibility between adolescent athletes with and without scapular asymmetry. Advances in Rehabilitation. 2020;34(3):1-7. DOI: 10.5114/areh.2020.99103

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 23 October 2019